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History of Beer:
History of Horseheads:
"Beer is the world's oldest and most popular alcoholic beverage. Some of the earliest known writing refers to the production and distribution of beer. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars derived from starch-based material — the most common being malted barley; however, wheat, corn, and rice are also widely used, usually in conjunction with barley.
The starch source is steeped in water. Enzymes in the malt break down the starch molecules, producing a sugary liquid known as wort, which is then flavoured with hops, which acts as a natural preservative. Other ingredients such as herbs or fruit may be added. Yeast is then used to cause fermentation, which produces alcohol and other waste products from anaerobic respiration of the yeast as it consumes the sugars. The process of beer production is called brewing.
Beer uses many varying ingredients, production methods and traditions. The type of yeast and production method may be used to classify beer as ale, lager or spontaneously fermented beer. Some beer writers and organizations differentiate and categorize beers by various factors into beer styles."
" Beer is one of the world's oldest beverages, possibly dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, and is recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer. A prayer to the goddess Ninkasi known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi" serves as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.
The earliest known chemical evidence of beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BCE. As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, namely sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization. As for the close link between bread- and beer-making, women produced most beer prior to the introduction of hops in the thirteenth century, selling the beverage from their homes as a means of supplementing the family income. However, by the 7th century CE beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results."
"A common method of categorizing beer is by the behaviour of the yeast used in the fermentation process. In this method of categorizing, those beers which use a fast-acting yeast, which leaves behind residual sugars, are termed ales, while those beers which use a slower and longer acting yeast, which removes most of the sugars, leaving a clean and dry beer, are termed lagers.
Differences between some ales and lagers can be difficult to categorize. Steam beer, Kölsch, Alt, and some modern British Golden Summer Beers use elements of both lager and ale production. Baltic Porter and Bière de Garde may be produced by either lager or ale methods or a combination of both. However, lager production results in a cleaner tasting, dryer and lighter beer than ale."
"A modern ale is commonly defined by the strain of yeast used and the fermenting temperature.
Ales are normally brewed with top-fermenting yeasts (most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae), though a number of British brewers, including Fullers and Weltons, use ale yeast strains that have less pronounced top-fermentation characteristics. The important distinction for ales is that they are fermented at higher temperatures and thus ferment more quickly than lagers.
Ale is typically fermented at temperatures between 15 and 24 °C (60 and 75 °F). At these temperatures, yeast produces significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavour and aroma products, and the result is often a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum, or prune, among others. Typical ales have a sweeter, fuller body than lagers.
A particularly well-known ale type is India Pale Ale (or "IPA"), developed by British brewers in the 19th century. The ale was light, and suited to a hot climate, but with a moderately high alcohol strength and strong hop content, intended to preserve it over a long ocean voyage. Some mass-produced beers (e.g. Alexander Keith's, brewed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada) use the term "India Pale Ale", but are not in any way true IPAs."
"Lager
is the English name for bottom-fermenting beers of Central European origin.
They are the most commonly consumed beers in the world. The name comes
from the German lagern ("to store"). Lagers originated from
European brewers storing beer in cool cellars and caves and noticing that
the beers continued to ferment, and also to clear of sediment. Lager yeast
is a bottom-fermenting yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces pastorianus), and typically
undergoes primary fermentation at 7–12 °C (45–55 °F)
(the "fermentation phase"), and then is given a long secondary
fermentation at 0–4 °C (32–40 °F) (the "lagering
phase"). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows.
The cooler conditions also inhibit the natural production of esters and
other byproducts, resulting in a "cleaner" tasting beer.
Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr the
Younger, who perfected dark brown lagers at the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria,
and Anton Dreher, who began brewing a lager, probably of amber-red colour,
in Vienna in 1840–1841. With improved modern yeast strains, most
lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3
weeks.
Most of today's lager is based on the Pilsner style, pioneered in 1842 in the town of Pilsen (Plzen), in an area of the Austrian monarchy now located in the Czech Republic. The modern Pilsner lager is light in colour and high in carbonation, with a strong hop flavour and an alcohol content of 3–6% by volume. The Pilsner Urquell or Heineken brands of beer are typical examples of pilsner beer."
"Beers of spontaneous fermentation are ales which use wild yeasts, rather than cultivated ones. All beer was once brewed this way, but by the Middle Ages brewers had learned to crop the yeast from one brew and use it in the next. Only in a few isolated regions were wild yeasts still used. The best-known region where spontaneous fermentation is still used is the Senne Valley in Belgium, where lambic is produced."
"Steam beers were invented by German immigrants living in California and are made with bottom-fermenting (lager) yeasts, but fermented at warmer (ale) temperatures. The name "steam beer" is a trademark of the Anchor Brewing Company, though other brewers brew this beer under the designation "California common"."
"John Sullivan
(b. February 17, 1740, Somersworth, New Hampshire – d. January
23, 1795, Durham, New Hampshire) was an American general in the Revolutionary
War and a delegate in the Continental Congress. Sullivan served as a
major general in the Continental Army and as Governor (or "President")
of New Hampshire. He is most famous for leading the Sullivan Expedition
in 1779, a scorched earth campaign against those Iroquois towns that
had taken up arms against the American revolutionaries. Revolutionary
War In
the summer of 1779, Sullivan led the Sullivan Expedition, a massive
campaign against the Iroquois in western New York. During this campaign,
troops destroyed a very large Cayuga settlement, called Coreorgonel,
on what is now the southwest side of Ithaca, New York. He
pushed his troops so hard that their horses became unusable, and killed
them on this campaign, creating the namesake for Horseheads, New York.
The lukewarm response of the Congress was more than he could
accept. Broke, tired, and again opposed by Congress, he retired from
the Army in 1779 and returned to New Hampshire. Sullivan Counties
in New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Tennessee, and Missouri are
named in his honor, as is Sullivan Street in New York City."
"The Sullivan Expedition, also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, was a campaign led by Major General John Sullivan and General James Clinton against Loyalists ("Tories") and the four nations of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War. The expedition occurred during the summer of 1779 and only had one major battle, at Newtown along the Chemung River in western New York, in which the Tories and Iroquois were decisively defeated. Sullivan's army then carried out a scorched earth campaign, methodically destroying at least forty Iroquois villages throughout what is now upstate New York, in retaliation for Iroquois and Tory attacks against American settlements earlier in the war. The devastation created great hardships for the Iroquois that winter, and many starved or froze to death.
Battles
Washington instructed Sullivan and his men to cross from Easton, Pennsylvania to the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania and to follow the river upstream to Tioga Point, now known as Athens, Pennsylvania. He ordered Clinton and his men to travel from Albany, westward up the Mohawk River to Canajoharie, New York, to cross overland to Otsego Lake, and then travel down the Susquehanna to meet Sullivan at Tioga Point.
Forty of the Iroquois villages were destroyed, including Catherine's Town, Goiogouen, Chonodote, and Kanadaseaga, along with all the crops and orchards of the Iroquis. The campaign had only one major battle, the Battle of Newtown, fought on August 29, 1779. It was a complete victory for the Continental Army. There is disagreement by historians as to if an Iroquois nickname for Washington, "Town Destroyer", originates from this expedition.
... the expedition forever broke the Iroquois Confederacy's power. Following the war, much of the Iroquois lands would be absorbed by the United States and the State of New York, and much of its native population would move to Canada. European-Americans began settling the newly vacant area in relative safety."
" The Battle of Newtown (29 August 1779), was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by General John Sullivan that was ordered by the Continental Congress to end the threat of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War.
The battle took place at the foot of a hill just outside of what is now Elmira, New York, along the Chemung River.
Sullivan led the brigade of General Edward Hand, with that of General William Maxwell in reserve, against the Loyalists and Iroquois at this site. He ordered the brigade led by Colonel Matthias Ogden to flank the enemy along the Chemung River to the west, and those led by James Clinton and Enoch Poor to secure the hillside on the eastern flank.
The battle ended with a sound defeat for the Iroquois (led by Joseph Brant) and Loyalists (led by Major John Butler and his son Walter Butler).
Several roadside signs in the vicinity of the interchange mark various troop locations. A tall monument now stands in a state park on a hillside near the position taken by Clinton and Poor's brigades. This hillside area, which overlooks the interchange, is now known as Newtown Battlefield State Park.
The site of the battle is today the Wellsburg exit of Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17."
"The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power", the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Long house") is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. Although frequently referred to as the Iroquois, the Nations refer to themselves collectively as Haudenosaunee.
At the time Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy was based in what is now the northeastern United States and southern Canada, including New England, upstate New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and Quebec.
During the American Revolution, many Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the Americans, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain. This marked the first major split among the Six Nations. After a series of successful operations against frontier settlements, led by the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant and his British allies, the United States reacted with vengeance. In 1779, George Washington ordered Col. Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan to lead expeditions against the Iroquois nations to "not merely overrun, but destroy," the British-Indian alliance. The campaign successfully ended the ability of the British and Iroquois to mount any further significant attacks on American settlements.
The combined leadership of the Nations is known as the Haudenosaunee. It should be noted that "Haudenosaunee" is the term that the people use to refer to themselves. Haudenosaunee means "People of the Long House." The term is said to have been introduced by The Great Peacemaker at the time of the formation of the Confederacy. It implies that the Nations of the confederacy should live together as families in the same longhouse. Symbolically, the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the "tribal long house," and the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door."
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